Tobacco-Free DU Q & A

FAQ: Tobacco-Free DU

FAQ: Secondhand Smoke

FAQ: Quitting Tobacco & Health Effects

FAQ: Tobacco & the Environment

FAQ: The Tobacco Industry

FAQ: Tobacco-Free Movement History

Additional Resources

What would a tobacco-free policy include?

If a tobacco-free policy is adopted, the use of tobacco will not be permitted inside or outside on campus grounds.

Why should DU go tobacco-free?

  • When people choose to smoke on campus, they negatively impact the health of all people around them.
  • One out of every two DU students report encountering secondhand smoke exposure on campus.
  • DU community members have a right to breathe clean air on campus.
  • Outdoor levels of secondhand smoke are equally as harmful as indoor levels. 1
  • There is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke — secondhand smoke kills.53
    • The Surgeon General's report specifies that tobacco use in any form, active or passive represents a significant health hazard to both smokers and non-smoker bystanders. 2
  • Even brief exposure to smoke as you're walking into a building can cause or exacerbate heart disease, asthma, allergies, and bronchitis (not to mention the smell of smoke on clothes).
  • 50,000 non-smokers die each year due to involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke in the U.S. alone.3
  • Environmental policies are one of two strategies proven to reduce tobacco rates. The other is increasing tobacco taxes.

Does a Tobacco-Free DU mean tobacco will be banned on campus?

No. A "tobacco ban" indicates that no tobacco will be allowed on campus. A Tobacco-Free policy at DU does not mean people cannot have tobacco on campus, it means people may not use tobacco on campus.

Is smoking a constitutional "right"?

  • Tobacco use is a choice, not a constitutional right.
  • People do have the choice to smoke. A tobacco-free DU would not take away that choice, rather, tobacco users simply would not be able to use on campus where their personal choice negatively impacts the health of all people around them.
  • There is no constitutional "right" to smoke. 15
    • Smokers are not a category protected under the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution.16
    • Smoking is not a protected liberty right under the Due Process clause of the Constitution.17

Would a tobacco-free policy take away an individual's person choice to use tobacco products?

  • Using tobacco is a personal choice. A tobacco-free policy at DU would not eliminate a person's choice to use tobacco products, these individuals simply would not be permitted to use these products on campus at DU where their personal choice negatively impacts the health of all people around them.
  • An example of a current law using the same logic is driving while intoxicated. Laws that make driving under the influence of alcohol illegal do not take away an individual's choice to consume alcohol, however it does limit where and when a person can choose to be under the influence. These laws are to protect the general publics' safety as are tobacco-free environments.

Are smokers are a "minority group" that is oppressed by this potential policy?

No. In terms of numbers, smokers make up a minority of the world, U.S. and our campus population, but they are not a minority group protected by the constitution. However, Smokers are not a category protected under the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. Likewise, smoking is not a protected liberty right under the Due Process clause of the Constitution. Suggesting that smokers are an oppressed minority group is not only an uneducated argument, but can be extremely offensive to truly oppressed, underrepresented and underserved groups, such as students of color here at DU. Tobacco use is a choice.

Are other schools around the country going tobacco-free?

Yes. Over 260 universities and colleges have already adopted smoke-or tobacco-free policies.18

Are schools that have gone Tobacco/Smoke-Free like DU?

A wide variety of universities and colleges have gone tobacco-free and/or smoke-free. Some of the more well-known, residential institutions include: Indiana University, Miami University, University of Arkansas, Purdue University, University of Iowa, Iowa State University, Boise State University, University of North Dakota, College of St. Mary's, University of Wisconsin, Winona State University, University of South Carolina, Oklahoma State University, University of Indianapolis, East Tennessee State University, and even Winston Salem State University.

How many people support a tobacco-free campus?

62% of students, 73% of staff and 61% of faculty support the policy change.

Do DU student tobacco users want to quit?

Yes. Of student smokers, 73% reported they want or might want to quit.

What about Quitting aids like the Patch, Gum, or Lozenge — would those be allowed?

Yes, quitting aids, such as the patch, gum or lozenge (a.k.a. nicotine replacement therapy) would be allowed because they do not contain tobacco.

Why go tobacco-free? Why not just smoke-free?

There are several reasons for tobacco-free vs. smoke-free:

  • Tobacco-free eliminates loopholes that might be exposed by the tobacco industry. The tobacco industry has begun marketing products that are both smokeless and spitless (e.g. snus, tablets, lozenges, and lotions). They are desperately trying to gain back consumers as more and more communities go smoke/tobacco-free. Many of these products are targeted to young adults, and they would certainly love to descend on the campus to promote the tobacco items.
  • A smoking-only ban could inadvertently cause a rise in other tobacco usage. With no smoking on campus, students may become more aware of spit tobacco use, perceiving it as "acceptable" behavior. The message becomes, "Students here can use spit tobacco." Students should not perceive that any tobacco use on campus is acceptable.
  • A recent study in Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, shows there is similar exposure to a tobacco-specific carcinogen (cancer-causing agent) in spit tobacco users and cigarette smokers (Hecht, et al—University of Minnesota).
  • Smokeless tobacco users are susceptible to various cancers and oral health problems. The spit tobacco also contains three to five times the amount of addictive nicotine as cigarettes.

Why hasn't the 25 foot rule been enforced?

Until a year ago there was no consistent regulation or discussion about tobacco on campus collaboratively across departments. Now, with a Tobacco Taskforce in place, that collaboration exists. Campus safety, Citizenship and Community Standards, and Human Resources are all on board. Enforcement for a tobacco-free DU would look similar to other policies on campus. In that if a person is violating the policy they will be adjudicated through the appropriate office. Other schools that have gone tobacco-free report a high degree of compliancy through proper awareness, education, and well-executed implementation of the policy.

How will a tobacco-free policy be enforced?

Other tobacco-free institutions have reported that high compliance is the key to a successful tobacco-free policy. A detailed implementation and education plan is imperative to attaining high compliance. A compliance committee will address compliance details that may include: campus education of the policy change, signage, removal of cigarette disposal containers, promotion of cessation services, e-mail notifications of the policy change, enforcement for violators, etc.

What will Campus Safety's Role be in enforcement?

If a person (student, employee, visitor) was found in violation of the tobacco-free policy, a Campus Safety office would do the following:

  1. The person would be approached and informed of the tobacco-free policy at the university.
  2. The person would be asked to comply with the policy by moving off campus or discontinuing the use of a tobacco product.
  3. The person would be given a business card with information about the tobacco-free policy, quitting resources, and a website where further information can be obtained.
  4. Should the person choose not to comply, the campus safety officer will ID the person, write a report about the incident and forward the report to the appropriate office on campus for appropriate judicial intervention (Citizenship & Community Standards for student violations and Human Resources for employee violations).

What about the safety of students who choose to smoke off campus?

DU cannot restrict who goes off campus nor when students choose to go off campus. Each time a student leaves campus it is their personal choice. We believe safety is a concern for students both on and off campus and this is why campus safety monitors not only the general campus grounds but also areas around the perimeter of campus. Students who choose to go off campus to smoke would not be treated any differently than students who choose to go off campus to study, go out, etc. To ensure the safety of students, employees, & visitors who are asked to leave campus to use tobacco products, campus safety regularly patrols the perimeter of campus and nearby off-campus neighborhoods. Officers regularly patrol the following areas:

  • As far West as Gilpin & Williams Streets
  • As far East as Clayton Street
  • As far South as Harvard Street
  • As far North as Buchtel Boulevard

The campus perimeter and off-campus streets are patrolled an estimated four times nightly. In addition, the DU Shuttle regularly operates around the perimeter and effectively serves as additional patrols for campus safety.

Why not just enforce the current policy of 25 feet?

The current perimeter policy at DU does not address the risk of secondhand smoke exposure. Because there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke, people who choose to smoke on campus negatively impact the health of all people around them. One out of every two DU students report noticing secondhand smoke exposure on our campus. Outdoor levels of secondhand smoke are equally as harmful as indoor levels and even hurricane-force winds cannot eliminate the risk of secondhand smoke outside. 54 Brief exposure to smoke, as you're walking into a building, can cause or exacerbate cancer, heart disease, asthma, allergies, and bronchitis.

Will our neighbors be impacted by a tobacco-free campus policy?

Two very important campus departments have been involved in the Tobacco Taskforce related to the issue of how this impacts campus and potentially our neighbors. First, the department of facilities maintains campus grounds and already cleans the campus perimeter sidewalks and will continue to do so in the future. Secondly, the DU Neighbor Liaison who is the Assistant Vice Chancellor for Business and Financial Affairs works closely with our neighbors to ensure a good two-way relationship. The university will continue to work with the community to minimize impact should this policy be adopted.

If the HCC offers cessation classes and resources — won't this problem will naturally go away?

Cessation resources are an important part of any tobacco-free movement, however offering cessation alone will not diminish secondhand smoke exposure on campus. Currently the Health & Counseling Center offers free one-on-one tobacco cessation counseling to students and will begin offering free group classes Winter Quarter in 2009.

Who doesn't want universities to go tobacco-free?

  • The tobacco industry (BIG Tobacco).
  • Big Tobacco hates tobacco restriction policies because it is one of two strategies that are proven to reduce tobacco. rates. The other is tobacco tax increases.

Why not address other major health issues DU students face?

  • Secondhand smoke is an extremely important health issue because when people choose to smoke, they negatively impact the health of all people around them.
  • There is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke — secondhand smoke kills.
  • Outdoor levels of secondhand smoke are equally as harmful as indoor levels.19
  • Even brief exposure to smoke as you're walking into a building can cause or exacerbate heart disease, asthma, allergies, and bronchitis (not to mention the smell of smoke on clothes).
  • Hurricane-force winds could not eliminate the risk of secondhand outside. 54

Is secondhand smoke outside really that big of a deal?

  • Yes. When people choose to smoke outside or inside, they are negatively impact the health of all people around them.
  • The Surgeon General's report specifies that tobacco use in any form, active or passive represents a significant health hazard to both smokers and non-smoker bystanders.4
  • Outdoor levels of secondhand smoke are equally as harmful as indoor levels.5
  • Even brief exposure to smoke as you're walking into a building can cause or exacerbate heart disease, asthma, allergies, and bronchitis (not to mention the smell of smoke on clothes).
  • There is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke — secondhand smoke kills. 41
  • Hurricane-force winds could not eliminate the risk of secondhand outside. 54
  • One out of every two DU students report noticing secondhand smoke exposure on our campus.
  • Secondhand smoke is a Class-A carcinogen, meaning it is a substance that has been proven to cause cancer.6
  • Secondhand smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals. 7
  • Secondhand smoke contains at least 69 chemicals known to cause cancer.8
  • It contains at least 172 toxic substances, including three regulated outdoor air pollutants.9
  • 50,000 non-smokers die each year due to involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke in the U.S. alone, including: 10
    • 3,000 lung cancer deaths in non-smokers 11
    • 69,000 cases of heart disease deaths in non-smokers12
    • 25,000 new cases of asthma13
  • Even occasional exposure can increase the incidence of coronary heart disease by 58%. 14

How many different chemicals does secondhand smoke contain?

There are 4,000 known chemicals in secondhand smoke, including an ammonia-based chemical that increases the rate of nicotine absorption in the body and 69 other chemicals known to cause chemicals.

Are outdoor levels of secondhand smoke as harmful as indoor levels?

Yes. Outdoor levels of secondhand smoke are just as harmful as indoor level — there is no safe level of exposure to secondhand smoke. 41

Does secondhand smoke cause cancer?

Yes. Secondhand smoke contains a Class-A carcinogen, meaning it is a substance known to cause cancer (just like first-hand smoke). Secondhand smoke can cause cancer in smokers and non-smoking bystanders. 42

How many non-smokers die due to involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke?

Each year, 50,000 non-smokers die from tobacco-related causes due to involuntarily exposure to secondhand smoke, including 3,000 that die of Lung Cancer and 69,000 that die from Heart Disease. 43

How many new cases of asthma are there each year due to involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke?

Each year, there are 25,000 new cases of asthma among non-smokers that are exposed to secondhand smoke. 44

How many cancer-causing chemicals does secondhand smoke contain?

Secondhand smoke contains 69 chemicals known to cause cancer. Tobacco smoke is a Class-A carcinogenic, which means that it is a substance that causes cancer (asbestos is another well-known Class-A carcinogenic). Some other chemicals in tobacco smoke include: tar (used on the streets), arsenic (poison), benzene (used to make gas and pesticides), and formaldehyde (used to preserve dead bodies). 45

How many DU students notice secondhand smoke on a daily basis on campus?

1 out of every 2 students notice secondhand smoke daily on campus.

Are there immediate negative health affects of secondhand smoke exposure?

Yes. There are immediate negative effects on the cardiovascular system when exposed to secondhand smoke. Even brief exposure as you're walking into a building can cause negative health affects including breathing difficulties, eye irritation, headache, nausea, and asthma attacks.

How long does it take for a cigarette butt to decompose?

It takes an average of 25 years for a cigarette butt to decompose. 47

Why do cigarette butts decompose so slowly?

Cigarette butts break down slowly because most of the filters are made of cellulose acetate, which is a very slow-degrading form of plastic. The fibers in cigarette filters resemble cotton but don't be fooled - they are plastic. 48

How much paper is used to produce cigarettes?

A cigarette-manufacturing machine uses four miles of paper per hour to roll and package cigarettes. So, in one eight-hour day, 32 miles of paper are used and in one 40-hour week, 160 miles of paper are used. 49

What is the impact on forests for producing tobacco?

The tobacco industry burns as much as one acre of forest for every acre of tobacco cured, using 12% of all the timber felled in the world. And on average, one tree is cut down for every 300 cigarettes (about a two-week supply for a pack-a-day smoker). 50

What are some impacts of the pesticides and other chemicals used during tobacco cultivation?

A great deal of fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are used during tobacco cultivation. These chemicals have many impacts on the environment and on the tobacco workers, including tobacco farm workers being poisoned, chemicals seeping into the soil, polluted waterways and ecological systems, and livestock and food crops being poisoned. 51

What are some impacts of cigarettes butts on wild life?

Cigarette butts are washed into rivers, lakes and the ocean from city streets, through storm drains. Seabirds, animals and fish eat them by mistake. Their bodies have no way to digest the filters and they can die. 52

What do I need to know about the tobacco industry?

  • When used as directed, their product kills
  • BIG Tobacco spends $41 million per day promoting their products. 24
  • The 18-24 age group is the youngest legal group BIG Tobacco can target
  • In response to smoke-free indoor regulations, BIG Tobacco has increase marketing its "smokeless" products by at least $1 million.
  • Ammonia-based compounds are used to increase absorption of nicotine in cigarettes
  • In recent years, Big Tobacco has increased nicotine in cigarettes by 11%
  • "Lights" and "Filters" do not decrease risk, this is just a feel-good tactic used to increase consumer use
  • BIG Tobacco made $12 billion in profits in 2007 alone
  • Position cigarettes in films which leads to an estimated 400,000 new adolescent smokers annually
  • Use social and psychological strategies to attract specific age and demographic groups
  • Design their "quit smoking" campaigns strategically to increase smoking
  • Quote from – R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company: Younger adult smokers have been the critical factor in the growth and decline of every major brand and company over the last 50 years. They will continue to be just as important to brands/companies in the future for two simple reasons: The renewal of the market stems almost entirely from 18-year-old smokers. No more than 5 percent of smokers start after age 24. [And] the brand loyalty of 18-year-old smokers far outweighs any tendency to switch with age… Brands/companies which fail to attract their fair share of younger adult smokers face an uphill battle. They must achieve net switching gains every year to merely hold share… Younger adult smokers are the only source of replacement smokers… If younger adults turn away from smoking, the industry must decline, just as a population which does not give birth will eventually dwindle. 25

What is the Master Settlement Agreement?

In 1998, the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) was negotiated between the four largest tobacco companies and 46 states, including Colorado. The MSA restricts tobacco advertising and allocates billions of tobacco dollars to support tobacco control and prevention initiatives. A major advertising restriction made it illegal for the tobacco industry to market to youth aged 17 and younger. 33 This restriction is particularly important because it makes the college population the youngest legal group that the tobacco industry can target. Since the agreement went into effect, the tobacco industry has significantly increased marketing efforts directed towards college students, including an increase of almost one million dollars in smokeless tobacco marketing. 34 The following quote is from an internal tobacco industry document:

Younger adult smokers have been the critical factor in the growth and decline of every major brand and company over the last 50 years. They will continue to be just as important to brands/companies in the future for two simple reasons: The renewal of the market stems almost entirely from 18-year-old smokers. No more than 5 percent of smokers start after age 24. [And] the brand loyalty of 18-year-old smokers far outweighs any tendency to switch with age… Brands/companies which fail to attract their fair share of younger adult smokers face an uphill battle. They must achieve net switching gains every year to merely hold share… Younger adult smokers are the only source of replacement smokers… If younger adults turn away from smoking, the industry must decline, just as a population which does not give birth will eventually dwindle. 35– R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company

What is the Tobacco-Free Movement?

Over the past 10 years, a major tobacco-free movement has been initiated in the United States. The prevalence of adults who smoke declined 5.5% between 1997 and 2007. 36 Strict tobacco-free policies and higher tobacco taxes are proving to be the most effective methods to reduce tobacco use. Colorado is a progressive state in this movement. It is one of 30 states to adopt smoke-free policies in all workplaces, restaurants, bars and in the gaming industry. Colorado is also one of three states that meet the CDC's recommended spending amount for tobacco prevention. 37 In 2004, Colorado raised the cigarette tax 64 cents per pack, producing an extra 28 million dollars a year in funds that are directly applied to Colorado tobacco prevention and cessation programming. 38

The tobacco-free movement is continuing to progress at the college-level. Along with 28 other Colorado colleges and universities, DU participates in the Colorado Collegiate Tobacco Prevention Initiative (CCTPI), funded by the State Tobacco Education and Prevention Partnership. This initiative works to establish comprehensive tobacco-control programs on college campuses. Currently, over 150 colleges/universities in the nation are 100% indoor and outdoor smoke-free 39 and approximately 100 colleges/universities are 100% indoor and outdoor tobacco-free. 40

Additional Resources

General

Constitutional Right to Smoke

Secondhand Smoke

Tobacco Industry Marketing

Tobacco and the Environment

Health Effects of Tobacco Use

Quit Tobacco

1 Replace, James. Fact Sheet: Outdoor Air Pollution from Secondhand Smoke.fnn. Available at: http://www.repace.com/pdf/OTS_FACT_SHEET.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

2 Centers for Disease Control.fnn. 2000 Surgeon General's Report-Reducing Tobacco Use. August 2000. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2000/sgr_tobacco_chap.htm. Accessed June 2008.

3 U.S. Department of Health and Human Servs., The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary, at i (2006), available at http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/executivesummary.pdf

4 Centers for Disease Control.fnn. 2000 Surgeon General's Report-Reducing Tobacco Use. August 2000. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/sgr_2000/sgr_tobacco_chap.htm. Accessed June 2008.

5 Replace, James. Fact Sheet: Outdoor Air Pollution from Secondhand Smoke. Available at: http://www.repace.com/pdf/OTS_FACT_SHEET.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

6 National Toxicology Program. Environmental Tobacco Smoke. May 2005. Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEX.CFM?OBJECTID=BE1BC080-F1F6-975E-74466837ED576E31. Accessed June 2008.

7 Campaign for tobacco-free kids. Health Harms from Secondhand smoke. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/index.php?CategoryID=19. Accessed June 2008.

8 Campaign for tobacco-free kids. Health Harms from Secondhand smoke. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/index.php?CategoryID=19. Accessed June 2008.

9 Replace, James. Fact Sheet: Outdoor Air Pollution from Secondhand Smoke. Available at: http://www.repace.com/pdf/OTS_FACT_SHEET.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

10 U.S. Department of Health and Human Servs., The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary, at i (2006), available at

11 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secondhand Smoke. March 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand_smoke/index.htm. Accessed June 2008.

12 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secondhand Smoke. March 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand_smoke/index.htm. Accessed June 2008.

13 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secondhand Smoke. March 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand_smoke/index.htm. Accessed June 2008.

14 Mayo Clinic Nicotine Dependence Center. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.org/ndc-rst/. Accessed June 2008.

15 Graff, Samantha. Tobacco Control Legal Consortium. There is No Constitutional Right to Smoke: 2008.

16 Graff, Samantha. Tobacco Control Legal Consortium. There is No Constitutional Right to Smoke: 2008.

17 Graff, Samantha. Tobacco Control Legal Consortium. There is No Constitutional Right to Smoke: 2008.

18 American Nonsmoker's Right Foundation. U.S. Colleges and Universities with Smokefree Air Policies. April 2008. Available at: http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/smokefreecollegesuniversities.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

19 Replace, James. Fact Sheet: Outdoor Air Pollution from Secondhand Smoke. Available at: http://www.repace.com/pdf/OTS_FACT_SHEET.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

20 The BACCHUS Network. College Students and Tobacco Use. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreeu.org/facts_figures/college_students.asp . Accessed June 2008.

21 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Tobacco Use Among Youth. December 2007. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0002.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

22 Tobacco Free U. Colorado Collegiate Tobacco Prevention Initiative. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreeu.org/colorado/cctpi.asp. Accessed June 2008.

23 Click4Carbon. Eco-Information on Tobacco. http://www.click4carbon.com/index.php?PageUID=211. Accessed October 2008

24 Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. Tobacco Company marketing to college students since the multistate settlement agreement was signed. http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0135.pdf.

25 Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. Tobacco Company Quotes on Marketing to Kids. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0114.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

26 Centers for Disease Control. Fast Facts on Smoking and Tobacco Use. April 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/FastFacts.htm. Accessed June 2008.

27 Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking and Tobacco Use Fact Sheet. January 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/health_effects.htm. Accessed June 2008.

28 Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking and Tobacco Use Fact Sheet. January 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/Factsheets/health_effects.htm. Accessed June 2008.

29 U.S. Department of Health and Human Servs., The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary, at i (2006), available at

30 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secondhand Smoke. March 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand_smoke/index.htm. Accessed June 2008.

31 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secondhand Smoke. March 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand_smoke/index.htm. Accessed June 2008.

32 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secondhand Smoke. March 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand_smoke/index.htm. Accessed June 2008.

33 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. Tobacco Use Among Youth. December 2007. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0002.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

34 Federal Trade Commission. Smokeless Tobacco Report for the Years 2002-2005. 2007. Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/reports/tobacco/02-05smokeless0623105.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

35 Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. Tobacco Company Quotes on Marketing to Kids. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0114.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

36 Centers for Disease Control. Prevalence of Current Smoking Among Adults Aged 18 Years and Over: United States, 1999-2007. December 2007. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhis/earlyrelease/200712_08.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

37 Centers for Disease Control. Fast Facts on Smoking and Tobacco Use. April 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/FastFacts.htm. Accessed June 2008.

38 Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. State Tobacco Settlement for Colorado. December 2007. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org/reports/settlements/state.php?StateID=CO. Accessed June 2008.

39 American Nonsmoker's Right Foundation. U.S. Colleges and Universities with Smokefree Air Policies. April 2008. Available at: http://www.no-smoke.org/pdf/smokefreecollegesuniversities.pdf. Accessed June 2008.

40 American Lung Association. Colleges and Universities with 100% Tobacco-Free Campus Policies. January 2008. Available at: http://www.lungoregon.org/tobacco/college.html. Accessed June 2008.

41 Replace, James. Fact Sheet: Outdoor Air Pollution from Secondhand Smoke. Available at: http://www.repace.com/pdf/OTS_FACT_SHEET.pdf.

42 National Toxicology Program. Environmental Tobacco Smoke. May 2005. Available at: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/INDEX.CFM?OBJECTID=BE1BC080-F1F6-975E-74466837ED576E31.

43 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco.

44 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secondhand Smoke. March 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand_smoke/index.htm.

45 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Secondhand Smoke. March 2008. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand_smoke/index.htm.

46 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco.

47 Click4Carbon. Eco-Information on Tobacco. http://www.click4carbon.com/index.php?PageUID=211. Accessed October 2008

48 Cigarette Butts as Litter — Toxic as Well as Ugly. Kathleen M. Register. Available at: http://www.longwood.edu/CLEANVA/ciglitterarticle.htm

49 Click4Carbon. Eco-Information on Tobacco. http://www.click4carbon.com/index.php?PageUID=211. Accessed October 2008

50 Click4Carbon. Eco-Information on Tobacco. http://www.click4carbon.com/index.php?PageUID=211. Accessed October 2008

51 Click4Carbon. Eco-Information on Tobacco. http://www.click4carbon.com/index.php?PageUID=211. Accessed October 2008

52 Click4Carbon. Eco-Information on Tobacco. http://www.click4carbon.com/index.php?PageUID=211. Accessed October 2008

53 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General—Executive Summary (2006), available at http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/report/executivesummary.pdf

54 Nicotine Dependence Center, Mayo Clinic (2007).