Sport and Performance Psychology Faculty

GSPP SPP faculty have considerable background and experience in the practice and application of sport and performance psychology. The faculty does not teach about sport and performance psychology; rather, the faculty teach the application of sport and performance psychology. Faculty have experience working with the following populations: youth, collegiate, professional, and Olympic athletes; performing artists; military and medical personnel; and with corporate teams and individuals.

Mark Aoyagi
Director of Sport & Performance Psychology
Assistant Professor

Dr. Aoyagi earned a Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology with an emphasis in Sport Psychology from the University of Missouri in 2006 and was the Sport Psychology Post Doctoral Fellow at the University of Southern California. Prior to that, Mark completed a B.S. in Exercise and Sport Science and a B.S. in Psychology from the University of Utah in 1999 and a M.S. in Kinesiology, Sport Psychology emphasis from Georgia Southern University in 2001. He was the recipient of the 2005 Student-Practitioner Award from the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology for excellence in applied sport psychology.
Mark is active in several professional organizations including the American Psychological Association, Association for Applied Sport Psychology, International Society of Sport Psychology, and American College of Sports Medicine; and has several publications and national conference presentations on the topics of sport psychology, team effectiveness, and ethics among others. He also is a recognized sport psychology consultant and has worked with several Division I athletic departments as well as professional and Olympic individual athletes. Mark played rugby, football, baseball, and wrestling competitively, and now enjoys a variety of recreational sports and outdoor activities. Learn more about Dr. Aoyagi.

Selected Recent Professional Activity

 Publications
Aoyagi, M. W., & Poczwardowski, A. (Eds.). (2011). The chronicle of expert approaches to sport & performance psychology: Applied theories of optimal performance. Book in preparation.

Aoyagi, M. W., & Poczwardowski, A. (2011). Models of sport psychology practice and delivery: A review. In S. D. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds.), Professional practice issues in sport psychology: Critical reviews. Book in preparation.

Aoyagi, M. W., & Portenga, S. T. (2010). The role of positive ethics and virtues in the context of sport & performance psychology service delivery. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41, 253-259.

Aoyagi, M. W., & Cox, R. H. (2009). The effects of scholarship status on intrinsic motivation. Athletic Insight Journal 1, 63-74.

Aoyagi, M. W., Burke, K. L., Joyner, A. B., Hardy, C. J., & Hamstra, M. S. (2009). The associations of competitive trait anxiety and personal control with burnout in sport. Athletic Insight Journal 1, 1-14.

Aoyagi, M. W., Cox, R. H., & McGuire, R. T. (2008). Organizational citizenship behavior in sport: Relationships with leadership, team cohesion, and athlete satisfaction. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20, 25-41.

Burke, K. L., Aoyagi, M. W., Joyner, A. B., & Burke, M. M. (2003). Spectators' perspectives of positive momentum while attending NCAA men's and women's basketball regular season contests: Exploring the antecedents-consequences model. Athletic Insight, 5 (3), from http://www.athleticinsight.com

Invited Presentations

Aoyagi, M. W. (2010, June). The USA Track & Field Sport Psychology Service Delivery Model and Title, Licensure, and Certification Issues in Sport Psychology in the United States. Presented to the Polish Olympic Committee, Warsaw, Poland.

Aoyagi, M. W. (2007, March). Understanding values, purpose, and success within a mentoring relationship. Presented to the University of Southern California Athletic Department Mentoring Program.

Aoyagi, M. W. (2006, October). Mastering life as a student-athlete. Presented to the University of Southern California Athletic Department.

Aoyagi, M. W. (2006, October). Becoming a successful student-athlete. Presented to the University of Southern California Athletic Department.

Aoyagi, M. W. (2006, August). Adjusting to life as a college student-athlete. Presented to the University of Southern California Athletic Department.

Aoyagi, M. W. (2006, June). Special Topics for Cal Poly Counseling Services: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Presented at California Polytechnic State University Counseling Services.

Aoyagi, M. W. (2005, December). Special Topics for Cal Poly Counseling Services: Student-Athlete culture and sport psychology consultation. Presented at California Polytechnic State University Counseling Services.

Aoyagi, M. W., & Sandstedt, S. (2004, June). Psychological responses to athletic injury: Mechanisms and intervention. Presented to the Missouri Athletic Trainers Association.

Refereed Convention Presentations

Aoyagi, M. W., Poczwardowski, A., Portenga, S., Shapiro, J., & Haberl, P. (2010, October). How theory informs practice: The case of X conceptualized from four different perspectives. Symposium presented at the annual conference of the Association for Applied Sport Psychology, Providence, RI.

Aoyagi, M. W., Dale, J., Frevert, K., Lawrence, N., & Zeplin, S. (2010, August). Supervision of supervision in sport and performance psychology. Symposium presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Diego, CA.

Aoyagi, M. W., Czech, D., Portenga, S., Metzler, J., & Poczwardowski, A. (2009, September). Current issues and working solutions in designing and delivering master’s programs: What might the future bring? Symposium presented at the annual conference of the Association for Applied Sport Psychology, Salt Lake City, UT.

Aoyagi, M. W., & Portenga, S. T. (2009, August). Ethics in practice: International travel with U.S. national teams. Workshop presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.

Portenga, S.T., Henschen, K., Aoyagi, M. W., & Statler, T. (2009, June). Mentoring in applied sport psychology. Symposium presented at the 12th International Society of Sport Psychology World Congress of Sport Psychology, Marrakech, Morocco.

Poczwardowski, A., Aoyagi, M. W., & Parzelski, D. (2008, December). Exercise and sport psychology as a joint emphasis in labeling the field: Is this a valuable distinction in recruiting and graduating Master’s students? Lecture presented at the inaugural conference of the British Psychological Society Division of Sport & Exercise Psychology, London, UK.

Aoyagi, M. W., Anderson, A. J., Kennedy, E. N., Akiyama, A. M., & Zeplin, S. (2008, September). On student development: The contribution of coaching experience to developing sport psychology consultants. Symposium presented at the annual conference of the Association for Applied Sport Psychology, St. Louis, MO.

Portenga, S. T., & Aoyagi, M. W. (2008, August). Psychological preparation for the Beijing Olympics. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Portenga, S. T., & Aoyagi, M. W. (2008, August). Accreditation issues in sport psychology: An initial discussion. Conversation hour presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Boston, MA.

Portenga, S. T., & Aoyagi, M. W. (2007, October). Ethical practice for consultants working directly for university athletic departments. Lecture presented at the annual conference of the Association for Applied Sport Psychology, Louisville, KY.

Portenga, S. T., & Aoyagi, M. W. (2007, August). Developing a positive team environment: The USA Track & Field model. Workshop presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.

 

Artur Poczwardowski
Associate Professor

Dr. Poczwardowski's teaching, research, and consulting activities center on applied sport and performance psychology. Courses that he has taught include practicum in sport and performance psychology, consulting methods and procedures, applied sport psychology, group dynamics in sports, applied motor learning and control, and research methods. He has developed a strong multicultural perspective while teaching at University of Physical Education in Gdansk (Poland), University of Utah (Salt Lake City, Utah), St. Lawrence University (Canton, New York), and Barry University (Miami Shores, Florida).

His publications and professional presentations focus on sport psychology service delivery for performance enhancement and psychological well-being, coach-athlete relationships, and coping strategies in elite performers. He published over ten articles in the leading professional journals, served as an associate editor for The Sport Psychologist, and delivered over 60 professional presentations during national and international conferences.

Since 1991, he has consulted with individual athletes and teams in a number of sports (e.g., judo, tennis, golf, soccer, ice hockey, track and field, air pistol shooting, speed skating). At the elite level, he worked with the Polish national judo teams (1992 Olympics) and St. Lawrence University Division I women's hockey team (2000/01 & 2003/04). He is a Certified Consultant, AASP (Association of Applied Sport Psychology) and is listed in USOC Sport Psychology Registry.
Dr. Poczwardowski received his Ph.D. in exercise and sport science with specialization in psychosocial aspects of sport from University of Utah, Salt Lake City (1997) and his two master's degrees from University of Physical Education in Gdansk, Poland (physical education/coaching 1989) and Gdansk University, Poland (psychology; 1991).

 

Selected Recent Professional Activity

Publications

Aoyagi, M. W., & Poczwardowski, A. (Eds.). (2011). The chronicle of expert approaches to sport & performance psychology: Applied theories of optimal performance. Book in preparation.

Aoyagi, M. W., & Poczwardowski, A. (2011). Models of sport psychology practice and delivery: A review. In S. D. Mellalieu & S. Hanton (Eds.), Professional practice issues in sport psychology: Critical reviews. Book in preparation.

Poczwardowski, A. (2009). Model superwizji w przygotowaniu magistrów na kierunku psychologii sportu i wysiłku w Barry University [Supervision in Sport Psychology Training: Model adopted at Barry University]. In W J. Blecharz, & M. Siekańska (Eds.). Praktyczna psychologia sportu. Wykorzystanie koncepcji psychologicznych w sporcie (pp. 77-84). Studia i Monografie nr 54, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. Bronisława Czecha, Cracow, Poland.

Poczwardowski, A., & Lauer, L. (2006). The process of the Redondo Beach sport psychology consulting think tank. The Sport Psychologist, 20, 74-93.

Poczwardowski, A., Barott, J. E., & Jowett, S. (2006). Diversifying approaches to research on athlete coach relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7, 125-142.

Jowett, S., & Poczwardowski, A. (2006). Critical issues in the conceptualization of and future research on coach-athlete relationships. In S. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social psychology in sport (pp. 3-14) . Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Sherman, C., & Poczwardowski, A. (2005). Presenting mental skills to young teams: The why and the how of integrated instruction. In M. Andersen (Ed.), Sport psychology in practice (pp. 17-44). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Giacobbi, P. R., Poczwardowski, A., & Hager, P. (2005). A pragmatic research philosophy for sport and exercise psychology . The Sport Psychologist, 19 , 18-31 .

Poczwardowski, A., Sherman, C., & Ravizza, K. (2004). Professional philosophy in the sport psychology service delivery: Building on theory and practice. The Sport Psychologist, 18, 415-429 .

Conference Presentations

Poczwardowski, A. (September 18, 2009). Revisions to the sport psychology service delivery model: A qualitative exploration. Association for Applied Sport Psychology 24th Annual Convention, Salt Lake City, USA.

Poczwardowski, A., & Sherman, C. (September 17, 2009). Best practices in sport psychology service delivery: Results of qualitative, interpretive investigation. Association for Applied Sport Psychology 24th Annual Convention, Salt Lake City, USA.

Aoyagi, M., Czech, D., Portenga, S., Metzler, J., & Poczwardowski, A., (September 17, 2009). Current issues and working solutions in designing and delivering master’s programs: What might the future bring? Association for Applied Sport Psychology 24th Annual Convention, Salt Lake City, USA.

Poczwardowski, A., Donlon, C. J., & Cremades, G. J. (August 8, 2009). Athlete perfectionism, self concept, and psychological well-being and sports family involvement. American Psychological Association 117th Annual Convention, Toronto, Canada.

Allums-Featherston, K., & Poczwardowski, A. (August 8, 2009). Activity preference and psychological well-being among adolescents with intellectual disabilities. American Psychological Association 117th Annual Convention, Toronto, Canada.

Poczwardowski, A., Aoyagi, M., & Parzelski, D. (December 11, 2008). ‘Exercise and Sport Psychology’ as a joint emphasis in labeling the field: Is this a valuable distinction in recruiting and graduating master’s students? British Psychological Society, Division of Sport & Exercise Psychology Inaugural Conference 2008, London, United Kingdom.

Poczwardowski, A., Lauer, L., Chung, Y., & Giges, B. (September 25, 2008). On student development: Self-reflection in presenting a workshop and conducting an interview. AASP 23rd Annual Convention, St. Louis, USA.

Poczwardowski, A. (May 14, 2008). Model superwizji w przygotowaniu magistrów na kierunku psychologii sportu i wysiłku w Barry University [Supervision in Sport Psychology Training: Model adopted at Barry University]. Inaugural Convention on Practice of Sport psychology, Cracow, Poland.

Poczwardowski, A. & Cremades, G. (October 26, 2007). Supervision of applied sport and exercise psychology experiences: Master's program based on AASP certification standards. AASP 22 th Annual Convention, Louisville, USA.

Sherman, C. P., & Poczwardowski, A. (September 30, 2006). Philosophically grounded in the next generation: Integrated instruction in youth physical activity settings. In A.

Poczwardowski (Chair), Professional philosophy in sport psychology service delivery: Advances in reflection and research . Symposium conducted at the AAASP 21 th Annual Convention, Miami, USA. Other presenters: T. Statler, C. P. Sherman, & K. Ravizza .

Poczwardowski, A., & Sherman, C. P. (September 30, 2006). Reflecting on professional philosophy in sport psychology service delivery: Results of qualitative investigation. In A.

Poczwardowski (Chair), Professional philosophy in sport psychology service delivery: Advances in reflection and research . Symposium conducted at the AAASP 21 th Annual Convention, Miami, USA.

Poczwardowski, A., Barott, J., Wolfe, B., & Jowett, S. (September 29, 2006). Advancing understanding of athlete-coach relationships: Issues for research and practice. AAASP 21 th Annual Convention, Miami, USA.

Cremades, G., & Poczwardowski, A. (September 28, 2006). Master's program curriculum development based on AAASP certificatio n standards. AAASP 21 th Annual Convention, Miami, USA.

Kiefer, A. W., Cremades, G. J., Poczwardowski, A., Rosenberg, D., & Christopher Starratt, Ch. (June 3, 2006). EEG recordings du ring the learning of a novel motor task using whole/part practice techniques . North American Society for Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA) Annual Convention, Denver, Colorado, USA.

 

Jamie Shapiro
Assistant Professor

She earned a Ph.D. in Sport and Exercise Psychology from West Virginia University (2009), an M.A. in Community Counseling from WVU (2008), and an M.S. in Athletic Counseling from Springfield College (2005). She earned a B.S. in Psychology from Brown University, where she was on the gymnastics team for 4 years (Go Bruno!). Dr. Shapiro is a Certified Consultant of the Association of Applied Sport Psychology (CC-AASP) and a National Certified Counselor (NCC) by the National Board of Certified Counselors. She is also a Professional Member of USA Gymnastics.

Dr. Shapiro has consulted with youth and collegiate athletes from a variety of sports, including gymnastics, soccer, lacrosse, wrestling, volleyball, and track and field. She has also coached gymnastics at the recreational, club, and collegiate (Division III) levels. In addition, Dr. Shapiro has done exercise psychology consulting to help adults with motivation and adherence to exercise programs. Dr. Shapiro’s specific interests include psychology of sport injury, learning life skills through sport, psychological skills training, counseling athletes, exercise psychology, and ethics and training in sport and performance psychology.

A former competitive gymnast, Dr. Shapiro still likes to do handstands in cool places all over the world. She is originally from NJ, and now that she lives in CO, she is attempting to improve her skiing abilities! She enjoys traveling, working out, spending time outdoors, and watching her many TV shows!

Selected Recent Professional Activity

Publications
Watson, J., Etzel, E. F., & Shapiro, J. (2009). Ethics and counseling practice with college student-athletes. In E. F. Etzel (Ed.), Counseling and psychological services for college student-athletes (pp. 85-112). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.

Conference Presentations
Shapiro, J. L., & Etzel, E. F. (2010). An individualized multimodal mental skills intervention for injured collegiate athletes. Presented at the APA Convention in San Diego, CA.

Cowan, K., Bartlett, M., Shapiro, J., & Shannon, V. (2009). Gossip girls: Handling gossip when working with teams. Presented at the AASP Conference in Salt Lake City, UT.

Shapiro, J. L. (2009). A qualitative pilot study of an individualized multimodal mental skills intervention for injured college athletes. Presented at the AASP Conference in Salt Lake City, UT.

Shapiro, J. L., & Bartlett, M. (2008). The relationship between gossip and team cohesion on female collegiate gymnastics teams. Presented at the APA Convention in Boston, MA.

Smith, M. L., Shapiro, J. L., & Fitzpatrick, S. J. (2008). The marketability of exercise psychology: Perceptions of potential employers. Presented at the APA Convention in Boston, MA.

Fitzpatrick, S., Visek, A., Hurst, J., Shapiro, J., Harris, B., Creasy, J., & Zizzi, S. (2007). Creating and developing a hands-on exercise adherence program. Presented at the AASP Conference in Louisville, KY.

Shapiro, J. L., Fitzpatrick, S. J., & Zizzi, S. (2007). Does high school athletic participation influence physical activity levels after the transition to college? Presented at the AASP Conference in Louisville, KY.

Shapiro, J. L., Brewer, B. W., Cornelius, A. E., Van Raalte, J. L., Sklar, J. H., Corsetti, J. R., & Pohlman, M. H. (2006). Patterns of psychological adjustment to knee surgery. Presented at the AAASP Conference in Miami, FL.

Steve Portenga
Clinical adjunct Professor

Steve Portenga is a Clinical Adjunct Professor in the Sport & Performance Psychology program. Portenga is the Director of Sport Psychology for the University of Denver Division of Athletics and Recreation. He is responsible for providing sport psychology services to all 17 NCAA Division I athletic teams, individual student-athletes, coaches, and division staff. His responsibilities include: teaching performance enhancement skills to develop a positive competitive mindset; providing individual counseling for student-athletes; consulting with coaches on leadership issues, developing a positive team environment, and incorporating mental skills into practice; facilitating team-building activities; consulting with sports medicine staff regarding psychological aspects of injury rehabilitation; and consulting with administrative staff regarding hiring, staff issues, polices and procedures, programming for coaches and athletes, minority student retention, and crises. These practices help develop student-athletes’ athletic success, and more importantly, lead to excellence in the classroom and in life. He is a Certified Consultant, AASP (Association of Applied Sport Psychology) and is listed in USOC Sport Psychology Registry.

Portenga also serves on the executive committee overseeing sport psychology services for USA Track & Field. He provides ongoing sport psychology consulting services to junior and senior elite level track and field athletes affiliated with USA National Teams. Services include coaching education clinics, psychological skills assessment, individual performance enhancement consulting, and on-site competition day support at national and international competitions, traveling most recently to Doha, Qatar for the IAAF World Indoor Championships.

Portenga has made numerous national and international presentations on issues such as leadership, coaching and team development; psychological approaches to injury rehabilitation; and training, professional, and ethical issues in sport psychology. He currently serves as the chair of the APA Division 47 Practice Committee and the Editor for the Division 47 newsletter. He is a member of the joint ACSM and AASP committee developing a new Health Behavior Change certificate. He is also a member of the AASP Certification Review Committee. He has served as member of the review committees for the Division 47 and AASP conferences and was a reviewer for The Sport Psychologist’s special issue on coaching education.

Prior to Denver, he was at the University of California, Davis, where he did his APA Internship and a Post Doctoral Fellowship in sport psychology. After his undergraduate studies at the University of Michigan, Portenga coached alpine skiing for the Vail Development Team for 4 years. He then earned a M.S. in Exercise and Sport Science from the University of Utah and a Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology from the University of Missouri-Columbia. In 2004, Portenga received the first Student Practitioner Award for excellence in applied sport psychology presented by the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology.

Selected Recent Professional Activity

Selected Recent Presentations

Invited Presentations

Portenga, S.T. (2008, August). Psychology of the Injured Athlete. Presentation at the University of Colorado 4th Annual Sports Medicine Symposium: On the Field Management of the Injured Athlete, Denver, CO.

Portenga, S.T. (2010, February). Counseling & Motivating the Injured Athlete. Presentation at the Colorado Society of Osteopathic Medicine 2010 Midwinter CME Conference, Keystone, CO.

Portenga, S.T. (2009, December). Positive Competitive Focus: The Key to Consistency and Performance Excellence. Presentation at the USA Track & Field annual meeting, Indianapolis, IN.

Portenga, S.T. (2008, December). The Psychology of Performance Excellence. Presentation at the USA Track & Field annual meeting, Reno, NV.

Portenga, S.T. (2008, August). Psychology of the Injured Athlete. Presentation at the University of Colorado Sports Medicine Symposium: Sport Medicine for the School Age Athlete: On the Field & Office Based Management, Denver, CO.

Portenga, S.T. & Tebbe, C. (2008, February). Supervision Issues: Supervisor and Supervisee Needs. Workshop conducted at the Annual Big Sky Sport Psychology Retreat: Psychological Health Care with the Collegiate Student-Athlete: Counseling, Assessment and Programming Issues, Big Sky, MT.

Continuing Education

McGuire, R., Portenga, S.T., Vernacchia, R., & Balague, G. (2009, September). Helping Sport Psychology Consultants To Effectively Serve Coaches. Continuing Education Workshop conducted at the Association of Applied Sport Psychology annual conference, Salt Lake City, UT.

Symposia and Workshops

Sullivan, J., Botsford, D., Portenga, S.T., Coppel, D., & Goldman, S. (2010, October). Navigating the Emerging Student-Athlete Welfare Challenge: Performance Concerns as Clinical Issues. Symposium to be conducted at the Association of Applied Sport Psychology annual conference, Providence, RI.

Aoyagi, M. W., Poczwardowski, A., Portenga, S.T., Shapiro, J., & Haberl, P. (2010, October). How Theory Informs Practice: The Case of X Conceptualized from Four Different Perspectives. Symposium to be conducted at the Association of Applied Sport Psychology annual conference, Providence, RI.

Aoyagi, M.W., Czech, D., Portenga, S.T., Metzler, J., & Poczwardowski, A. (2009, September). Current Issues and Working Solutions in Designing and Delivering Master’s Programs: What Might Future Bring? Colloquium presented at the Association of Applied Sport Psychology annual conference, Salt Lake City, UT.

Portenga, S. T. (2010, August). What do we do? Defining the practice of sport psychology. Workshop to be conducted at the American Psychological Association annual convention, San Diego, CA.

Aoyagi, M.W. & Portenga, S.T. (2009, August). International Travel with US National Teams: Ethics in Practice or Practical Ethics? Presentation conducted at the American Psychological Association annual convention, Toronto, Canada.

Portenga, S.T. (2009, June). The Pioneer Leadership Academy: A comprehensive, systematic approach to leadership development in athletes and coaches. Presentation conducted at the International Society of Sport Psychology 12th World Congress of Sport Psychology, Marrakesh, Morocco.

Portenga, S.T. (2009, June). Preparing Professionals to be Successful Mentors. In S.T. Portenga (Chair), Mentoring in Applied Sport Psychology. Symposium conducted at the International Society of Sport Psychology 12th World Congress of Sport Psychology, Marrakesh, Morocco.

Portenga, S.T., & Aoyagi, M.W. (2008, August). Conversation Hour: Accreditation Issues in Sport Psychology - An Initial Discussion. Workshop conducted at the American Psychological Association annual convention, Boston, MA.

Portenga, S.T., Aoyagi, M.W. (2007, October). Ethical Practice for Consultants Working Directly for University Athletic Departments. Symposium conducted for the Association of Applied Sport Psychology annual conference, Louisville, KY.

Portenga, S.T., Aoyagi, M.W. (2007, August). Developing A Positive Team Environment: The USA Track & Field Model. Workshop conducted at the American Psychological Association annual convention, San Francisco, CA.

Publications
Aoyagi, M. & Portenga, S. (2010). The Role of Positive Ethics and Virtues in the Context of Sport & Performance Psychology Service Delivery. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41, 253-259.

Portenga, S.T (2009). Committing to excellence: Have your athletes committed to success or the idea of success?, Techniques, 3(2), pp. 45-48.

Portenga, S.T. (2009). Mind & Body: Relaxation techniques to improve performance. Techniques, 2(3), pp. 340-44.

Portenga, S.T. & Aoyagi, M. (2008). Accreditation issues in sport psychology: An initial discussion. Reflections on the Division 47 Conversation Hour at the 2008 annual conference. Div47 News, 21(3), pp. 16-17.

Portenga, S.T. & Statler, T. (2008). Cool under pressure: How to train athletes to maintain their composure. Techniques, 2(2), pp. 40-44.

Portenga, S.T. (2008). Sharp focus: Enhancing athletes’ powers of concentration is a crucial part of enhancing performance. Techniques, 2(1), pp. 37-40.

Portenga, S.T. (2008). Mental Energy: Success in sport begins by laying the foundation for confidence. Techniques, 1(4), pp. 42-47.

 

 

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